This division of physiology has some substantial topics you need to comprehend them! Modest division!
Ross&Wilson#Section:2 chapter :9
Guyton#Unit:14:chp#74,75,76,77,78,79
Endocrine glands?
Hormones & Mechanism of action of hormones?
Influence of the hypothalamus on the lobes of pituitary gland.
Actions of hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland:
Growth hormone (GH) & Metabolic functions of growth hormone?
Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH).
Adrenocorticotropic hormones:(ACTH, Corticotrophin).
Prolactin.(pg#219)
Gonadotropin.(pg#220)
Actions of hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary:
Oxytocin (pg#220)
Antidiuretic hormone(ADH,vasopressin) (pg#221)
Actions of thyroid hormones( pg#223 )
Actions of thyroid hormones( pg#223 )
Explain how blood levels of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are regulated? (Pg#222)
Functions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin?
Describe the actions of each of the three groups of adrenocorticoid hormones?
Functions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin?
Describe the actions of each of the three groups of adrenocorticoid hormones?
Illustrate how blood levels of glucocorticoids are regulated?
Describe the actions of adrenaline (epinephrine)and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
Outline the Long term &Short term response of adrenal gland to stressors?
Actions of Insulin and glucagon
Explain how blood glucose levels are regulated?
Pineal gland & the actions of melatonin?
Pineal gland & the actions of melatonin?
Organs with secondary endocrine functions?
Local hormones(histamine, serotonin, PGs)
Section:Pathophysiology:
Disorders of the pituitary gland ?
Disorders of the thyroid gland ?
Disorders of parathyroid glands ?
Disorders of the adrenal cortex (features of Cushing's syndrome &Addison's disease)
Disorders of the adrenal medulla ?
Disorders of the pancreatic islets ?
Compare & Contrast the onset and features of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus
Acute and long-term complications of diabetes mellitus?
Important figures: Fig#9.1,Fig#9.2,Fig#9.3,Fig#9.4,Fig#9.5,Fig#9.6,Fig#9.8,Fig#9.11,Fig#9.12,Fig#9.13,Fig#9.19
Tables:#(9.1)+(9.2)+(9.3)+(9.4)
An Overview of the Endocrine System :
The endocrine system consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones critical to homeostasis. The body coordinates its functions through two major types of communication: neural and endocrine. Neural communication includes both electrical and chemical signaling between neurons and target cells. Endocrine communication involves chemical signaling via the release of hormones into the extracellular fluid. From there, hormones diffuse into the bloodstream and may travel to distant body regions, where they elicit a response in target cells. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones. 
Hormones
Hormones are chemical messenger,derived from amino acids or lipids. Amine hormones originate from the amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine.
Larger amino acid hormones include peptides and protein hormones. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are lipid soluble. All other amino acid–derived hormones are water soluble.
Hydrophobic hormones are able to diffuse through the membrane and interact with an intracellular receptor. In contrast, hydrophilic hormones must interact with cell membrane receptors. These are typically associated with a G protein, mechanism is described below. Regulation of hormone release is primarily achieved through negative feedback
Functions of hormones: 1-Help regulate:extracellular fluid, metabolism, biological clock, contraction of cardiac &smooth muscles, glandular secretion , some immune functions. 2-Growth and development. 3-Reproduction.
Hormones and its classification hormones are classified on the basis of #Solubility ....Hydrophillic hormones...H2O soluble..e.g.proteins,peptides and catecholamines(epinephrine+norepinephrine).....Hydrophobic hormones.....insoluble in water, soluble in fat.e.g.steroid hormones and thyroid hormones.
#Location of receptor....1-On the cell membrane e.g.protein, peptides 2-easily diffuse inside the cell cytoplasm e.g.steroid hormones ,thyroid hormones Mechanism of Hormone Action :
The message a hormone sends is received by a hormone receptor, a protein located either inside the cell or within the cell membrane. The receptor will process the message by initiating other signaling events or cellular mechanisms that result in the target cell’s response. The response may include the stimulation of protein synthesis, activation or deactivation of enzymes, alteration in the permeability of the cell membrane, altered rates of mitosis and cell growth, and stimulation of the secretion of products.
Pathways Involving Intracellular Hormone Receptors :
Intracellular hormone receptors are located inside the cell. Hormones that bind to this type of receptor must be able to cross the cell membrane. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and therefore can readily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane to reach the intracellular receptor . Steroid hormones easily diffuse through the cell membrane. The hormone binds to its receptor in the cytosol, forming a receptor–hormone complex. The receptor–hormone complex then enters the nucleus and binds to the target gene on the DNA. Transcription of the gene creates a messenger RNA that is translated into the desired protein within the cytoplasm.
Thyroid hormones, which contain benzene rings studded with iodine, are also lipid-soluble and can enter the cell.
Pathways Involving Cell Membrane Hormone Receptors :
Hydrophilic, or water-soluble, hormones are unable to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and must therefore pass on their message to a receptor located at the surface of the cell. Except for thyroid hormones, which are lipid-soluble, all amino acid–derived hormones bind to cell membrane receptors that are located, on the extracellular surface of the cell membrane. Therefore, they do not directly affect the transcription of target genes, but instead initiate a signaling cascade that is carried out by a molecule called a second messenger. In this case, the hormone is called a first messenger.
The second messenger used by most hormones is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In the cAMP second messenger system, a water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor in the cell membrane (Step 1 in This receptor is associated with an intracellular component called a G protein, and binding of the hormone activates the Gprotein component . The activated G protein in turn activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase, also known as adenylate cyclase which converts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cAMP As the second messenger, cAMP activates a type of enzyme called a protein kinase that is present in the cytosol ). Activated protein kinases initiate a phosphorylation cascade, in which multiple protein kinases phosphorylate (add a phosphate group to) numerous and various cellular proteins, including other enzymes (The phosphorylation of cellular proteins can trigger a wide variety of effects
The hypothalamus–pituitary complex is located in the diencephalon of the brain. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are connected by a structure called the infundibulum, which contains vasculature and nerve axons. The pituitary gland is divided into two distinct structures with different embryonic origins.
The posterior lobe houses the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons. It stores and releases into the bloodstream two hypothalamic hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The anterior lobe is connected to the hypothalamus by vasculature in the infundibulum and produces and secretes six hormones.The six anterior pituitary hormones are: growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL). 
The Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck anterior to the trachea. Its hormones regulate basal metabolism, oxygen use, nutrient metabolism, the production of ATP, and calcium homeostasis. They also contribute to protein synthesis and the normal growth and development of body tissues, including maturation of the nervous system, and they increase the body’s sensitivity to catecholamines. The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are produced and secreted by the thyroid gland in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary.
Synthesis of the amino acid–derived T3 and T4 hormones requires iodine. Insufficient amounts of iodine in the diet can lead to goiter, cretinism, and many other disorders.
The Parathyroid Glands
. The parathyroid glands are small structures located on the posterior thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates blood calcium levels. Low blood calcium levels cause the production and secretion of PTH. In contrast, elevated blood calcium levels inhibit secretion of PTH and trigger secretion of the thyroid hormone calcitonin. Underproduction of PTH can result in hypoparathyroidism. In contrast, overproduction of PTH can result in hyperparathyroidism. 
The Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands, located superior to each kidney, consist of two regions: the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex—the outer layer of the gland—produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. The adrenal medulla at the core of the gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. 
The adrenal glands mediate a short-term stress response and a long-term stress response. A perceived threat results in the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla, which mediate the fight-or-flight response. The long-term stress response is mediated by the secretion of CRH from the hypothalamus, which triggers ACTH, which in turn stimulates the secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. The mineralocorticoids, chiefly aldosterone, cause sodium and fluid retention, which increases blood volume and blood pressure. 
The Pineal Gland :
levels. High blood levels of melatonin induce drowsiness. Jet lag, caused by traveling across several time zones, occurs because melatonin synthesis takes several days to readjust to the light-dark patterns in the new environment.
Gonadal and Placental Hormones
The Endocrine Pancreas
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The pancreatic islet cell types include alpha cells, which produce glucagon; beta cells, which produce insulin; delta cells, which produce somatostatin; and PP cells, which produce pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin is produced by the beta cells in response to high blood glucose levels. It enhances glucose uptake and utilization by target cells, as well as the storage of excess glucose for later use. Dysfunction of the production of insulin or target cell resistance to the effects of insulin causes diabetes mellitus, a disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. The hormone glucagon is produced and secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates mechanisms that increase blood glucose levels, such as the catabolism of glycogen into glucose.
Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions 
Some organs have a secondary endocrine function. For example, the walls of the atria of the heart produce the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), the gastrointestinal tract produces the hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin,
which aid in digestion, and the kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates the formation of red blood cells. Even bone, adipose tissue, and skin have secondary endocrine functions.
Scenario-based questions are most common from the session "endocrine disorders"pg#230-238. Try to grasp them effectively. Also helpful in the clinical area.
So this is all about endocrinology.
Stay motivated! stay tuned!
@Mahnoor butt
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