FUNCTIONS OF:
NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY:
PHARYNX:
LARYNX:
TRACHEA:
LUNGS:
BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES:(functions)pg#253
RESPIRATION:pg#254
Define BREATHING:pg#255
MUSCLES OF BREATHING:pg#255
CYCLE OF BREATHING:pg#256
LUNG VOLUME AND CAPACITIES:pg#257
EXCHANGE OF GASSES:pg#258
DIFFUSION(EXTERNAL +INTERNAL RESPIRATION)pg#259
TRANSPORT OF GASSES IN THE BLOOD:pg#260
CONTROL OF RESPIRATIONpg#260
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
UPPPER RESPIRATORY TRACTpg#262
LUNGS INFECTIONSpg#267
Important figures:
10.2 10.3 pg#243 10.4 Pg#24410.5 Pg#24610,6 Pg# 24610. 7 Pg#24710.8 (b) Pg#24710.9 Pg# 248 10.10 Pg#249 10.12(a) Pg#249 10.13 Pg# 251 10.14 Pg# 241 ,10.15 ,16,17 Pg#252,253 10.18(a)+(b) Pg#254 +10.21 Pg#255+10.20 Pg#255+10.22(a,b,c) Pg#256 10.24 pg#259 10.26#261.
@Table#10.1+10.2
QUESTIONS GUIDELINES:
While writing the ans of````` LUNG VOLUME AND CAPACITIES’’’’’ u must have to draw the fig of SPIROGRAM .spirogram is not given in the book ROSS&WILSON but u should practice it from other sources.
U should have to clear the values of lung volumes and capacities as
TIDAL VOLUME=500 ML
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME=3000ML
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY=3500ML
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY=2300ML
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME =1100 ML
RESIDUAL VOLUME=1200 ML
VITAL CAPACITY=4600ML
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY=5800ML
ALVEOLAR VENTILLATION=5.25LITRES PER MINUTE
🌀Students must have to jottdown these values either on book or notebookWhile covering the chapter u should also encompass the four process of respirationn
BREATHING or ventilationPROCESS OF MOVING AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS
CYCLE OF BREATHING :inspiration expiration pause
🌼EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (the exchange of gases oxygen and carbondioxide between inhaled air and the blood..
🌼INTERNAL RESPIRATION:which is the exchange of gases between the blood and the tissue fluid.
Or >.>>>>>>EXTERNAL RESPIRATION(excange of gases by diffusion btw the ALVEOLI and the blood in the alveolar capillaries +INTERNAL RESPIRATION(exchange of gases by diffusion between blood in the capillaries and the body cells.
pg#259CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
✨**Then there is another imp topic >>>>>TRANSPORT OF GASES:exam question is HOW CARBONDIOXIDE IS TRANSPORTED IN THE BLOOD? &TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD?pg#260
➡️Carbondioxide: *bicarbonate ion >70%
*Haemoglobin>23%
*Plasma>7%
➡️oxygen:
haemoglobin 98%
plasma1.5%
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION: In this topic two mechanisms are described as both (NERVOUS CONTROL OF RESPIRATION{pneumotaxic centre+apneustic centre} +CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION)>chemoreceptor!centralor medullary chemoreceptors +peripheral chemoreceptors.pg#260 ⚫CENTRAL.CHE….
Also known as medullary chemoreceptors
Located on the ventral surface of medulla
Stimulated by H+ conc of CSF and interstitial fluid of brain
H+conc increases linearly with arterial pCO2
⚫PERIPHERAL CHE….
Carotid and aortic bodies:
Carotid bodies near the carotid bifurcation and two or more aortic bodies near the arch of aorta
Increasing their firing rate in response to increase arterial pCO2 decreased arterial pO2 or decreased arterial pH..
U should cover pathology of respiratory system ,give a single reading of all diseases this is all about the contents of respiratory system .Cover ur all topics carefully hope it will be helpfull fr u☺ JAZAKALLAH
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