BSN PHYSIOLOGY: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

IMP SHORT QUESTIONS:                         

a)Resistance vessels                

b)capacitance vessels                           

c)define end artery 

d)Sinusoids                                      

e)Cardiac output  &cardiac index &cardiac reserve                             

e)Stroke volume                            

f)venous return                              

g)Skeletal muscle pump                            

h)d/w blood pressure, Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure     

I)Fallot’s tetralogy                                          

j)capillary fluid dynamics  

EXTENSIVE QUESTIONS:

1-Structure and function of artries,veins and capillaries?                     

2-Location.structure nd function of HEART?                                       

3-Blood flow through the heart?                                                           

4-Coronary circulation?                               

5-Conducting system of the heart?pg#90( R&W)?                             

6-CARDIAC CYCLE  pg#92 (important)                                          

7-factors affecting cardiac output &stroke volume ?                            

8-CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE (imp) pg # 96

(SHORT TERM +LONG TERM CONTROL)                               

9-Shock &changes

(compensated+non compensated shock&feedback mechanism)       

10-oedema &causes?11-DISEASES of the heart?

 

IMP FIGURES AND TABLES:

Fig#5.5(Relationship between sympathetic stimulation and blood vessel diameter)pg#85

fig 5.6#(exchange of gases in internal respiration)

fig#5.7(diffusion btw capillaries and cells)effect of capillary btw capillaries and cellspg#86

fig#5.11(tissues of the heart wall)

fig#5.16(circulation of the blood through the heart)

fig#5.17(the coronary arteries)pg#91

fig#5.18(the conducting system of the heart)pg#92

fig#5.19(the cardiac cycle)fig#5.20(ECG)

fig#5.22***imp(mechanism in blood pressure control)

fig#5.23(the baroreceptor reflex)pg#98

fig#5.25,fig#5.48,fig#5.49(uncompensated shock), fig#5.57imp***, fig#5.58,5.59,5.60

Tables+#5.1+5.2. BOX#5.1+5.2+5.5 imp     

U`ll have to cover this imp topic #CARDIAC CYCLE with steps from GUYTON if u`ll find any difficulty u`ll also keep an eye view to these notes hope it will be helpful fr u. 

In cardiac cycle must mention the stages:                                     

1-Isovolumic contraction.                     

2Rapid ejection phase                              

3-Slow ejection phase                               

4-Protodiastole.                                            

5-Isovolumic relaxation.                             

6-Rapid filling.                                                

7-Slow filling or diastasis.                          

8-Atrial contraction 

Description well defined in mini Guyton or u can also take help from Guyton☑️ When u are jotting down the question of blood pressure regulation must draw a figure and also for convenience write the process in short form e.g:

IN BARORECEPTOR REFLEX u can make ur question presentable as:

BARORECEPTOR ACTIVATED ➡️send impulses to nucleus of tractus solitarius  ➡️through vagus nerve ➡️acts on both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator area ➡️inhibits the vasoconstrictor area &excites the vasodilator area ➡️vasodilation ➡️decrease the peripheral resistance ➡️dec the cardiac output➡️blood pressure    

And in Longterm Regulation  (RAAS)                                     

Kidney

⬇️

RENIN act on         

⬇️

LIVER➡️ANGIOTENSINOGEN                   

                    ⬇️

ANGIOTENSIN I

               ⬇️             

               ⬇️ACE  ⬅️LUNGS

               ⬇️

ANGIOTENSIN II

                  |

ALDOSTERONE  <- Adrenal Cortex 

                  |                                     

RETENTION OF SODIUM & WATER ABSORPTION

                  |               

BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES 

 

➡️CARDIAC RESERVE: % increase in cardiac output that can be achieved during max exertion.

➡️CARDIAC INDEX: C.O per square m.

➡️Mean Arterial Pressure: 

Pressure in artries at any time=  2/3rd of diastole +1/3rd of systole =2/3(80)+1/3(120=93.3 mmHg

OR

diastole+1/3rd of pulse pressure=80+1/3(40)= 93.3mmHg.

Heart sounds are not mentioned in the book however u should have knowledge about it may be it will come in the form of mcqs:

 

So this is all about CVS  according to the content. I hope it Will be enough fr the exams. You guys must listen the lectures from internet it will provide u more info related to ur topic. Heart diseases are given in the last u should give a single reading to those diseases. It will prove helpful fr u. Stay blessed. JazakAllah!